(A): V=10V, f=50Hz sin-wave. (B) (C) (D): V=9V, f=50Hz square-wave. Particles move away from the turning points if the angle >180. This also indicate that particles move to the turning point if the angle < 180. Black edges of (B), (D) are electrodes.






background: f=50Hz, square-wave, V=9V.